Optimal design and energy management for a grid connected renewable hybrid system (PV-HKT-GRID)

The integration of renewable energy is transcendental for sustainable development. This article analyses a hybrid grid-connected system composed of renewable energy technologies (photovoltaichydrokinetic), where several scenarios for energy management are proposed. They include a battery system as energy storage and a system without storage but with resale fee to grid, with the aim of determining the best economic and environmental balance. The results show that, by having a (PV-HKT-GRID) system with energy storage and no resale fee to the grid, the Net Present Cost (NPC) is increased by USD $ 132, 760 and the Cost of Energy (COE) decreases $ 0.013/kWh when compared to the grid. In addition, the same hybrid system without energy storage and no resale fee to grid, presents an energy cost savings of $ 0.043/kWh, and an additional cost of USD $ 43, 630. Finally, if a grid resale rate is included in the renewable hybrid system, then the difference is noticeable, the savings in the Cost of Energy is $ 0.073/kWh and presents a saving in the NPC of USD $ 39, 930. In all cases, CO2 emissions have been avoided.