Characteristics of biochar: Micro-and nano-chemical properties and interactions

The use of biochar for different applications has received much attention over the past years due to its unique properties, such as desired surface area, porous structure, and surface functional groups. There are many factors affecting the properties of biochar. By selecting appropriate feedstock, carbonization (i.e., equipment, processing temperature, heating rate, and residence time), and post-carbonization or activation conditions (e.g., physical activation, chemical activation, and biological modification), it is possible to control biochar micro- and nano-properties. This chapter aims to describe the connection between feedstock composition, carbonization conditions, and biochar structure at the micro- and nano-level scale. The link between these structures and adsorption, reaction, and electrochemical phenomena relevant to the use of biochar for environmental remediation are discussed.