Validation of a Proposed Lighting Comfort Formula for User-Adaptive Street Lighting Systems

Juan-José Sáenz-Peñafiel; Juan-Luis Posadas-Yagüe; Jose-Luis Poza-Lujan

doi:10.1007/978-3-032-04160-9_22

Validation of a Proposed Lighting Comfort Formula for User-Adaptive Street Lighting Systems

Juan-José Sáenz-Peñafiel
, Juan-Luis Posadas-Yagüe
, Jose-Luis Poza-Lujan

Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

Abstract

This paper addresses the challenges of achieving energy efficiency while providing optimal comfort to street users in urban lighting. A system is proposed that uses low-cost embedded devices and an Infrastructure-to-Infrastructure (I2I) paradigm to detect users and adjust illumination levels dynamically. The study introduces a formula called Lighting Comfort Index (LCI) to evaluate user comfort based on the adequacy between provided lighting and user needs. The formula is evaluated through a simulation in Python using different user types (pedestrians and cyclists), varying speeds, and different lighting activation strategies (isolated and communicated). Results highlight the importance of speed and luminaire coordination on perceived comfort. Although preliminary, this simulation-based validation suggests potential use of the formula as a reward function in intelligent lighting control algorithms. Further work includes real-world testing and refinement of parameters.

Original language	American English
Title of host publication	Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 22nd International Conference
Editors	Nasro Min-Allah, Khalid Alissa, Pawel Sitek, Mutsuo Sano, Sara Rodríguez, Antoine Nongaillard
Pages	243–253
Number of pages	11
Volume	1598
ISBN (Electronic)	978-3-032-04160-9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-04160-9_22
State	Published - 2026

Publication series

Name	Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
Volume	1598 LNNS
ISSN (Print)	2367-3370
ISSN (Electronic)	2367-3389

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities

Keywords

Distributed systems
Smart cities
Street lighting system
User comfort

Access to Document

10.1007/978-3-032-04160-9_22

Cite this

Sáenz-Peñafiel, J.-J., Posadas-Yagüe, J.-L., & Poza-Lujan, J.-L. (2026). Validation of a Proposed Lighting Comfort Formula for User-Adaptive Street Lighting Systems. In N. Min-Allah, K. Alissa, P. Sitek, M. Sano, S. Rodríguez, & A. Nongaillard (Eds.), Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 22nd International Conference (Vol. 1598, pp. 243–253). (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems; Vol. 1598 LNNS). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-04160-9_22

Sáenz-Peñafiel, Juan-José ; Posadas-Yagüe, Juan-Luis ; Poza-Lujan, Jose-Luis. / Validation of a Proposed Lighting Comfort Formula for User-Adaptive Street Lighting Systems. Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 22nd International Conference. editor / Nasro Min-Allah ; Khalid Alissa ; Pawel Sitek ; Mutsuo Sano ; Sara Rodríguez ; Antoine Nongaillard. Vol. 1598 2026. pp. 243–253 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems).

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abstract = "This paper addresses the challenges of achieving energy efficiency while providing optimal comfort to street users in urban lighting. A system is proposed that uses low-cost embedded devices and an Infrastructure-to-Infrastructure (I2I) paradigm to detect users and adjust illumination levels dynamically. The study introduces a formula called Lighting Comfort Index (LCI) to evaluate user comfort based on the adequacy between provided lighting and user needs. The formula is evaluated through a simulation in Python using different user types (pedestrians and cyclists), varying speeds, and different lighting activation strategies (isolated and communicated). Results highlight the importance of speed and luminaire coordination on perceived comfort. Although preliminary, this simulation-based validation suggests potential use of the formula as a reward function in intelligent lighting control algorithms. Further work includes real-world testing and refinement of parameters.",

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Sáenz-Peñafiel, J-J, Posadas-Yagüe, J-L & Poza-Lujan, J-L 2026, Validation of a Proposed Lighting Comfort Formula for User-Adaptive Street Lighting Systems. in N Min-Allah, K Alissa, P Sitek, M Sano, S Rodríguez & A Nongaillard (eds), Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 22nd International Conference. vol. 1598, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol. 1598 LNNS, pp. 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-04160-9_22

Validation of a Proposed Lighting Comfort Formula for User-Adaptive Street Lighting Systems. / Sáenz-Peñafiel, Juan-José; Posadas-Yagüe, Juan-Luis; Poza-Lujan, Jose-Luis.
Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 22nd International Conference. ed. / Nasro Min-Allah; Khalid Alissa; Pawel Sitek; Mutsuo Sano; Sara Rodríguez; Antoine Nongaillard. Vol. 1598 2026. p. 243–253 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems; Vol. 1598 LNNS).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

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N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.

PY - 2026

Y1 - 2026

N2 - This paper addresses the challenges of achieving energy efficiency while providing optimal comfort to street users in urban lighting. A system is proposed that uses low-cost embedded devices and an Infrastructure-to-Infrastructure (I2I) paradigm to detect users and adjust illumination levels dynamically. The study introduces a formula called Lighting Comfort Index (LCI) to evaluate user comfort based on the adequacy between provided lighting and user needs. The formula is evaluated through a simulation in Python using different user types (pedestrians and cyclists), varying speeds, and different lighting activation strategies (isolated and communicated). Results highlight the importance of speed and luminaire coordination on perceived comfort. Although preliminary, this simulation-based validation suggests potential use of the formula as a reward function in intelligent lighting control algorithms. Further work includes real-world testing and refinement of parameters.

AB - This paper addresses the challenges of achieving energy efficiency while providing optimal comfort to street users in urban lighting. A system is proposed that uses low-cost embedded devices and an Infrastructure-to-Infrastructure (I2I) paradigm to detect users and adjust illumination levels dynamically. The study introduces a formula called Lighting Comfort Index (LCI) to evaluate user comfort based on the adequacy between provided lighting and user needs. The formula is evaluated through a simulation in Python using different user types (pedestrians and cyclists), varying speeds, and different lighting activation strategies (isolated and communicated). Results highlight the importance of speed and luminaire coordination on perceived comfort. Although preliminary, this simulation-based validation suggests potential use of the formula as a reward function in intelligent lighting control algorithms. Further work includes real-world testing and refinement of parameters.

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Sáenz-Peñafiel JJ, Posadas-Yagüe JL, Poza-Lujan JL. Validation of a Proposed Lighting Comfort Formula for User-Adaptive Street Lighting Systems. In Min-Allah N, Alissa K, Sitek P, Sano M, Rodríguez S, Nongaillard A, editors, Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 22nd International Conference. Vol. 1598. 2026. p. 243–253. (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems). doi: 10.1007/978-3-032-04160-9_22