Understanding sustainability issues in Andean irrigation systems

Irrigated agriculture consumes approximately 70% of the world’s freshwater, making sustainable water delivery imperative. Strategies for sustainable water use, incorporating technical, agronomic, managerial, and institutional advancements are urgently needed, especially in developing countries such as those in the Andes, where agriculture is crucial for socioeconomic growth. Identifying the main issues related to sustainability of irrigation systems are essential, but limited information exists, as most studies focus on small groups of systems rather than a diverse range. To address this, we analyzed data from surveys conducted in 2022 by the Regional Government of Azuay, Ecuador, with representatives of water user associations. We adapted the methodology outlined in the United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 to evaluate these mountain irrigation systems, considering socioeconomic, water resources, users and governance factors. Our study included 235 irrigation systems with irrigated areas ranging from 0.5 to 2400 hectares, classified into four groups: (a) micro (<10 ha), (b) Small (10-100 ha), (c) Medium (100-500 ha), and (d) large (>500 ha). The most urgent issues identified include water allocation not proportional to the irrigated area, agricultural production no longer being the primary source of income, and non-compliance with management rules and fee payments. Most of the issues are due to weak governance. Our findings highlight the complexity of irrigation systems and the barriers to their development. This comprehensive analysis provides insights for building effective policies and emphasizes the importance of regular assessments, which should include systematic monitoring, data collection, and the development of performance indicators.