Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): a systematic review

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (C'lN) is a precancerous condition caused primarily by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a mmnnally invasive approach utilizing a photosjensitizer activated by specific wavelengths of light to selectively destroy dysplastic cells, has emerged as a potential alternative. Tins review- aims to assess the efficacy, safety, and applicability of PDT for the treatment of QN. Data 011 treatment protocols, lesion regression rates, recurrence, safety profiles, and patient outcomes were extracted and analyzed. A total of 130 studies published between 2014 and 2024 were analyzed using Scopus and bibliometric mapping tools like YOSviewer. Results highlight that PDT achieves high lesion regression rates, especially 111 C'lN 1 and C'lN 2. with minimal recurrence and adverse effects. PDT also demonstrates superiority over conventional treatments like LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure) 111 preserving cervical structure and fertility, a key consideration for reproductive-age women. Moreover, photosensitizer choice, light source, and treatment protocols significantly influence therapeutic outcomes. While conization is widely accepted, it carries obstetrical risks such as premamre delivery, hi contrast, PDT offers a fertility- sparing alternative with comparable, and 111 some cases superior, long-term outcomes. The review also emphasizes the role of PDT 111 low-resource settings due to its relative accessibility and adaptability. However, standardization of treatment protocols and more rigorous, large-scale trials are necessary to validate PDT's utility. Overall. PDT stands out as an effective, safe, and fertility-preserving therapeutic option for managing CDs and early-stage ceivical neoplasia, with potential for global unplementation 111 cervical cancer prevention strategies.